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Bath
is a city in the ceremonial county of
Somerset in the south west of England. It is
situated 97 miles (156 km) west of London and 13
miles (21 km) south-east of Bristol.
The population of the city is
83,992. It was granted city status by Royal
Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590, and was
made a county borough in 1889 which gave it
administrative independence from its county,
Somerset. The city became part of Avon when that
county was created in 1974. Since 1996, when
Avon was abolished, Bath has been the principal
centre of the unitary authority of Bath and
North East Somerset.
The city was first
established as a spa resort with the Latin name,
Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the
Romans in AD 43 although verbal tradition
suggests that Bath was known before then. They
built baths and a temple on the surrounding
hills of Bath in the valley of the River Avon
around hot springs, which are the only ones
naturally occurring in the United Kingdom. Edgar
was crowned king of England at Bath Abbey in
973. Much later, it became popular as a spa
resort during the Georgian era, which led to a
major expansion that left a heritage of
exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from
Bath Stone.
The City of Bath was
inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987. The
city has a variety of theatres, museums, and
other cultural and sporting venues, which have
helped to make it a major centre for tourism,
with over one million staying visitors and 3.8
million day visitors to the city each year. The
city has two universities and several schools
and colleges. There is a large service sector,
and growing information and communication
technologies and creative industries, providing
employment for the population of Bath and the
surrounding area.
Bath became the leading
centre of fashionable life in England during the
18th century. It was during this time that
Bath's Theatre Royal was built, as well as
architectural developments such as Lansdown
Crescent, the Royal Crescent, and the Circus and
Pulteney Bridge.
Today, Bath has five theatres
– Bath Theatre Royal, Ustinov Studio, the egg,
the Rondo Theatre, and the Mission Theatre – and
attracts internationally renowned companies and
directors, including an annual season by Sir
Peter Hall. The city also has a long-standing
musical tradition; Bath Abbey is home to the
Klais Organ and is the largest concert venue in
the city, with about 20 concerts and 26 organ
recitals each year. Another important concert
venue is the Forum, a 1,700-seat art deco
building which originated as a cinema. The city
holds the Bath International Music Festival and
Mozartfest every year. Other festivals include
the annual Bath Film Festival, Bath Literature
Festival (and its counterpart for children), the
Bath Fringe Festival and the Bath Beer Festival,
and the Bach Festivals which occur at two and a
half year intervals.
The city is home to the
Victoria Art Gallery, the Museum of East Asian
Art, and Holburne Museum of Art, numerous
commercial art galleries and antique shops, as
well as numerous museums, among them Bath Postal
Museum, the Fashion Museum, the Jane Austen
Centre, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy and the
Roman Baths. The Bath Royal Literary and
Scientific Institution, now in Queen Square, and
founded in 1824 on the base of a 1777 Society
for the encouragement of Agriculture, Planting,
Manufactures, Commerce and the Fine Arts, has an
important collection and holds a programme of
talks and discussions.
The city has several public
parks, the main one being Royal Victoria Park,
which is a short walk from the centre of the
city. It was opened in 1830 by an 11-year-old
Princess Victoria, and was the first park to
carry her name. The park is overlooked by the
Royal Crescent and is 23 hectares (57 acres) in
area. It has a variety of attractions including
a skateboard ramp, tennis courts, bowling, a
putting green and a 12- and 18-hole golf course,
a pond, open air concerts, and a popular
children's play area. Much of its area is lawn;
a notable feature is the way in which a ha-ha
segregates it from the Royal Crescent, while
giving the impression to a viewer from the
Crescent of a greensward uninterrupted across
the Park down to Royal Avenue. It has received a
"Green Flag award", the national standard for
parks and green spaces in England and Wales, and
is registered by English Heritage as a Park of
National Historic Importance. The 3.84 hectares
(9.5 acres) botanical gardens were formed in
1887 and contain one of the finest collections
of plants on limestone in the West Country. The
replica of a Roman Temple was used at the
British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924. In
1987 the gardens were extended to include the
Great Dell, a disused quarry that was formally
part of the park, which contains a large
collection of conifers.
Other parks in Bath include:
Alexandra Park, which crowns a hill and
overlooks the city; Parade Gardens, along the
river front near the Abbey in the centre of the
city; Sydney Gardens, known as a pleasure-garden
in the 18th century; Henrietta Park; Hedgemead
Park; and Alice Park. Jane Austen wrote of
Sydney Gardens that "It would be pleasant to be
near the Sydney Gardens. We could go into the
Labyrinth every day." Alexandra, Alice and
Henrietta parks were built into the growing city
among the housing developments. There is also a
linear park following the old Somerset and
Dorset Joint Railway line, and, in a green area
adjoining the River Avon, Cleveland Pools were
built around 1815. It is now the oldest
surviving public outdoor lido in England, and
plans have been submitted for its restoration.
Many cricket clubs are based
in the city, including Bath Cricket Club, who
are based at the North Parade Ground and play in
the West of England Premier League. Cricket is
also played on the Recreation Ground, just
across from where the Rugby is played. The Rec's
cricket ground is the venue for the annual Bath
Cricket Festival which sees Somerset County
Cricket Club play several games. The Recreation
Ground is also home to Bath Croquet Club, which
was re-formed in 1976 and is affiliated with the
South West Federation of Croquet Clubs.
The Bath Half Marathon is run
annually through the city streets, with over
10,000 runners. Bath also has a thriving cycling
community, with places for biking including
Royal Victoria Park, 'The Tumps' in Odd
Down/east, the jumps on top of Lansdown, and
Prior Park. Places for biking near Bath include
Brown's Folly in Batheaston and Box Woods, in
Box. Bath is also the home of the Bath American
Football Club, which has been playing American
Football in the city since 2001.
TeamBath is the umbrella name
for all of the University of Bath sports teams,
including the aforementioned football club.
Other sports for which TeamBath is noted are
athletics, badminton, basketball, bob skeleton,
bobsleigh, hockey, judo, modern pentathlon,
netball, rugby union, swimming, tennis,
triathlon and volleyball. The City of Bath
Triathlon takes place annually at the
university.
One of Bath's principal
industries is tourism, with more than one
million staying visitors and 3.8 million day
visitors to the city on an annual basis. The
visits mainly fall into the categories of
heritage tourism and cultural tourism. aided by
the city's selection in 1987 as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, recognising its international
cultural significance. All significant stages of
the history of England are represented within
the city, from the Roman Baths (including their
significant Celtic presence), to Bath Abbey and
the Royal Crescent, to Thermae Bath Spa in the
2000s. The size of the tourist industry is
reflected in the almost 300 places of
accommodation – including over 80 hotels, and
over 180 bed and breakfasts – many of which are
located in Georgian buildings. The history of
the city is displayed at the Building of Bath
Museum which is housed in a building which was
built in 1765 as the Trinity Presbyterian
Church. It was also known as the Countess of
Huntingdon's Chapel, as she lived in the
attached house from 1707 to 1791. Two of the
hotels have 'five-star' ratings. There are also
two campsites located on the western edge of the
city. The city also contains about 100
restaurants, and a similar number of public
houses and bars. Several companies offer
open-top bus tours around the city, as well as
tours on foot and on the river. Since 2006, with
the opening of Thermae Bath Spa, the city has
attempted to recapture its historical position
as the only town in the United Kingdom offering
visitors the opportunity to bathe in naturally
heated spring waters.
Bath is approximately 13
miles (21 km) south-east of the larger city and
port of Bristol, to which it is linked by the A4
road, and is a similar distance south of the M4
motorway. In an attempt to reduce the level of
car use Park and Ride schemes have been
introduced, with sites at Odd Down, Lansdown and
Newbridge, with a Saturdays-only site at the
University of Bath. In addition a Bus Gate
scheme in Northgate aims to reduce private car
use in the city centre. National Express
operates coach services from Bath Bus Station to
a number of cities. Internally, Bath has a
network of bus routes run by First Group, with
services to surrounding towns and cities. There
is one other company running open top
double-decker bus tours around the city.
The city is connected to
Bristol and the sea by the River Avon, navigable
via locks by small boats. The river was
connected to the River Thames and London by the
Kennet and Avon Canal in 1810 via Bath Locks;
this waterway – closed for many years, but
restored in the last years of the 20th century –
is now popular with narrowboat users. Bath is on
National Cycle Route 4, with one of Britain's
first cycleways, the Bristol & Bath Railway
Path, to the west, and an eastern route toward
London on the canal towpath. Although Bath does
not have an airport, the city is about 18 miles
(29 km) from Bristol International Airport.
Bath is served by the Bath
Spa railway station (designed by Isambard
Kingdom Brunel), which has regular connections
to London Paddington, Bristol Temple Meads,
Cardiff Central, Exeter, Plymouth and Penzance
(see Great Western Main Line), and also
Westbury, Warminster, Salisbury, Southampton,
Portsmouth and Brighton (see Wessex Main Line).
Services are provided by First Great Western.
There is a suburban station on the main line,
Oldfield Park, which has a limited commuter
service to Bristol as well as other
destinations. Green Park Station was once the
terminus of the Midland Railway, and junction
for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, whose
line, always steam hauled, went under Bear Flat
through the Combe Down Tunnel and climbed over
the Mendips to serve many towns and villages on
its 71-mile (114 km) run to Bournemouth. This
example of an English rural line was closed by
Beeching in March 1966. Its Bath station
building, now restored, houses shops, small
businesses, the Saturday Bath Farmers Market and
parking for a supermarket, while the route of
the Somerset and Dorset within Bath is to be
reused for the Two Tunnels Greenway, a shared
use path that will extend National Cycle Route
24 into the city.
Bath has two universities.
The University of Bath was established in 1966.
The university is known, academically, for the
physical sciences, mathematics, architecture,
management and technology.
Bath Spa University was first
granted degree-awarding powers in 1992 as a
university college, before being granted
university status in August 2005. It has schools
in the following subject areas: Art and Design,
Education, English and Creative Studies,
Historical and Cultural Studies, Music and the
Performing Arts, Science and the Environment and
Social Sciences.
The city contains one further
education college, City of Bath College, and
several sixth forms as part of both state and
independent schools.
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